Psoriasis: Causes, Symptoms, Types, and Treatment Options
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What Is Psoriasis?
Psoriasis is a skin condition in which skin cells build up more quickly than usual, forming scales and itchy, dry patches. Many medical practitioners consider psoriasis an immune system issue, often described as an autoimmune-related condition. People with psoriasis commonly experience inflammation and redness around the patches or scales. In more severe cases, patches can crack and bleed. Psoriasis often develops on the hands, feet, neck, scalp, and face. Less commonly, it can affect the nails, mouth, and the genital area.
Table of Contents
- What Is Psoriasis?
- Causes and Symptoms of Psoriasis
- Types of Psoriasis
- Treatment of Psoriasis
- Advancements and Research in Psoriasis Treatments
- Sources
- Other Guides on Health Conditions
Causes and Symptoms of Psoriasis
Psoriasis is commonly described as an autoimmune disorder that can cause the skin to regenerate faster than usual. The most common form is plaque psoriasis. Rapid skin cell turnover contributes to the development of lesions and patches. Some researchers believe psoriasis may be genetic, with environmental factors playing a major role. Common triggers include stress, smoking, alcohol consumption, climate, skin injury, and certain medications.
What Are the Causes of Psoriasis?
There may be a combination of contributing factors, including:
- Genetics: Psoriasis is commonly seen in families.
- Immune system activity: The immune system is thought to play a major role in psoriasis development and flare-ups.
- Medications: Some medications may trigger psoriasis or worsen symptoms, including anti-malarial drugs, beta-blockers, corticosteroids, indomethacin, and lithium. Never start such medications without informing your doctor if you have a family history of psoriasis.
- Skin injury: New lesions may appear after cuts, scratches, rubbing, or severe sunburn.
- Stress: Stress is a common trigger for flare-ups, and stress about psoriasis itself can add to the cycle.
- Climate: Cold, dry winter weather can worsen psoriasis, while time spent in hot, sunny climates may improve symptoms for some people (as long as the skin is not dried out by heavy air conditioning).
- Other triggers: Obesity, bacterial and viral infections (including HIV), hormone imbalance, smoking, and heavy drinking may contribute.
- Family history risk: About a third of sufferers report a family history. If one parent has psoriasis, the estimated odds for a child developing it are about one in four. If both parents have psoriasis, the chance increases further.
What Are Other Reasons Why Psoriasis Occurs?
- Psoriasis can be triggered by throat infections, especially a streptococci infection.
- Trauma or scratching can worsen the condition.
- Certain drugs can bring on psoriasis for the first time or aggravate existing psoriasis, including blood pressure medications (beta-blockers), NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), and some mental health medications including fluoxetine and lithium.
- Stress can play a major role in flare-ups.
- Sunlight may help some people, but for a portion of individuals, too much sun can worsen symptoms—especially in fair-skinned individuals.
- Alcohol should be kept to a minimum as it may worsen psoriasis or act as a trigger.
- Smoking is harmful for overall health and may worsen psoriasis—especially when it affects the hands and feet.
- Some research has explored links between immune function and vitamin D status. See: a vitamin D deficiency.
Psoriasis is visible to the naked eye. View our Psoriasis image gallery to help you identify if you may have it.
The 5 Most Common Symptoms of Psoriasis Include:
- Rashes or patches of red, inflamed skin often covered with loose, silver-colored scales; in severe cases, plaques can grow and merge, covering larger areas.
- Itchy or painful skin that can crack or bleed.
- Small areas of bleeding where involved skin is scratched.
- Nail changes including discoloration and pitting; nails may crumble or detach from the nail bed.
- Scaly plaques on the scalp.
Types of Psoriasis
Yes, there are multiple types of psoriasis. Below are seven commonly referenced types and related presentations.
Plaque Psoriasis
Plaque psoriasis is the most common type. It causes raised, inflamed, red skin covered with silvery-white scales. These patches may itch or burn and often appear on the elbows, knees, scalp, and/or lower back.
Guttate Psoriasis
Guttate psoriasis often starts in children or young adults and is less common. It can cause small, pink-red spots on the skin and often appears on the trunk, upper arms, thighs, and scalp. This type may resolve within weeks, even without treatment, though some cases are more persistent and require care.
Inverse Psoriasis
Inverse psoriasis is usually found in the armpits, groin, under the breasts, and/or in skin folds around the genitals and buttocks. Symptoms can include bright red patches that look smooth and shiny, often without scales. These symptoms may become worse from sweating or friction, and fungal infections can be a trigger.
Pustular Psoriasis
Pustular psoriasis is uncommon and usually appears in adults. It causes pus-filled bumps (pustules) surrounded by red skin. These may look infectious, but are not. It may be limited to hands and feet, or it can cover most of the body. When widespread, it can be serious and may require immediate medical attention. Symptoms can include fever, chills, nausea, a fast heart rate, and muscle weakness.
Triggers may include:
- Topical or systemic medications, including steroids.
- Suddenly stopping systemic drugs or strong topical steroids used over large areas.
- Too much ultraviolet (UV) light without sunscreen.
- Exposure to certain chemicals.
Erythrodermic Psoriasis
Erythrodermic psoriasis is the least common but is very serious. It can affect most of the body and cause widespread “burned” appearing skin. Other symptoms may include severe itching, burning or peeling, a faster heart rate, and changes in body temperature. This type can cause severe illness from protein and fluid loss and may require urgent medical care, sometimes including hospitalization. It may also increase risks like infection, pneumonia, or congestive heart failure.
Triggers may include:
- Suddenly stopping systemic psoriasis treatment.
- An allergic drug reaction.
- Severe sunburn.
- Medications such as lithium, antimalarial drugs, cortisone, or strong coal tar products.
Erythrodermic psoriasis may also happen if psoriasis is difficult to control.
Nail Psoriasis
Nail psoriasis is common and may be more frequent in people with psoriatic arthritis (which affects joints). Symptoms can include:
- Pitting of nails
- Tender, painful nails
- Separation of the nail from the bed
- Color changes (yellow-brown)
- Chalk-like material under nails
You may also be more likely to have a fungal infection.
Psoriatic Arthritis
Psoriatic arthritis is a condition where you have both psoriasis and arthritis (joint inflammation). In many cases, people have psoriasis for years before developing psoriatic arthritis. Nail changes are also common. Symptoms may include:
- Painful, stiff joints that are worse in the morning and after rest
- Sausage-like swelling of the fingers and toes
- Warm joints that may be discolored
Once diagnosed, there are various treatments available depending on the type of psoriasis, the severity, and how much of the body is affected.
Treatment of Psoriasis
Daily Care and Lifestyle Tips
If you have been diagnosed with psoriasis, you can help support psoriasis symptoms by:
- Taking short lukewarm showers or baking soda baths with no synthetic or aggressive soaps. Harsh ingredients and detergents may irritate the skin. Consider gentle cleansing options and avoid scrubbing, which can worsen irritation. Hot water may increase itching.
- Gently patting dry with a soft towel and moisturizing within 5 minutes to help seal in moisture. Ointments can help soften skin and reduce moisture loss. If greasiness is a problem, wear old, loose clothing for an hour while it soaks in. Moisture and humidity can be helpful for psoriatic skin.
- Wearing loose-fitting, soft clothing made of natural fabrics such as cotton, linen, or bamboo. Avoid wool and synthetic fibers if they irritate your skin. Consider avoiding bleach and fabric softeners if your skin is sensitive.
- Not smoking.
- Taking ocean swims if you live near the sea. After swimming, some people leave the skin damp and allow salt crystals to dry on the skin.
- Getting regular sunlight in short exposures. Sunlight supports vitamin D production, which many people associate with skin health. Avoid sunburn, which may worsen psoriasis. See: sunburn.
- Working on your diet. Alcohol may aggravate psoriasis and can act as a trigger. Some people limit red meat and dairy and reduce highly processed foods during flare-ups. Many people focus on a balanced diet with oily fish, fruits and vegetables, seeds rich in omega-3s, and nutrient-rich foods (including zinc sources).
- Cleansing and detoxing the digestive system regularly using teas or internal cleansers from reputable health stores or pharmacies, if that approach aligns with your routine.
- Managing stress, as stress can contribute to psoriatic outbreaks. Meditation, relaxation, gentle exercise, and yoga may help. Some people find soothing music supportive.
- Exercising regularly to support overall health and stress management. Choose exercise you enjoy and moisturize after bathing if you sweat.
Common Homeopathic Treatments for Psoriasis
Homeopathic treatment for psoriasis often involves several ingredients selected based on symptom patterns. Remedies commonly referenced include:
- Arsenicum Album: Often discussed for psoriasis with burning sensations that improves with warmth.
- Graphites: Commonly referenced for thick, rough, cracked skin and areas like the scalp and joint bends.
- Sulphur: Often referenced for intense itching and burning with dry, scaly, red skin.
- Rhus Toxicodendron: Commonly referenced for symptoms that improve with movement and warmth, including joint symptoms.
- Sepia: Often discussed for isolated patches that may include joint discomfort.
- Mezereum: Commonly referenced for thick, crusty eruptions.
- Petroleum: Often referenced for winter-worsening dryness, cracking, and bleeding.
- Kali Arsenicosum: Often discussed for widespread itching and scaling.
- Kali Sulphuricum: Commonly referenced for yellowish scales and peeling.
- Lycopodium: Often discussed for afternoon/evening worsening patterns and digestive associations.
Homeopathy emphasizes individualized selection, so approaches vary by person. For chronic or severe psoriasis, consult a healthcare professional.
How H-Psoriasis Formula Works to Support Psoriasis Symptoms
The H-Psoriasis Formula from Healing Natural Oils contains the following ingredients:
Active Ingredients:
- Calendula officinalis 12C
- Iris versicolor 12C
Inactive Ingredients:
- Essential Oil Blend (Cedrus atlantica wood shavings, Melaleuca alternifolia leaf-branch, Melaleuca minor leaf)
- Rosa mosqueta seed oil
- Simmondsia chinensis seed oil
- Triticum vulgare kernel oil
Comparison with Common Homeopathic Ingredients for Psoriasis:
- Calendula officinalis: Commonly used in topical skin routines for soothing support.
- Iris versicolor: Used in some homeopathic contexts for skin concerns with gastrointestinal associations.
- The essential oils included in the formula, such as Cedrus atlantica, Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil), and Melaleuca minor, are often used in topical blends.
How These Ingredients Help with Psoriasis:
- Calendula officinalis and Iris versicolor are the primary active homeopathic ingredients and are described as supporting symptoms like itching and scaling.
- The essential oils and carrier oils (Rosa mosqueta, Simmondsia chinensis, Triticum vulgare) provide moisturizing support for dry skin.
It’s important to note that outcomes vary by individual. For chronic or severe psoriasis, consult a healthcare professional.
Advancements and Research in Psoriasis Treatments
Recent psoriasis research has introduced new therapies and treatment approaches, including oral options, biologics, and new delivery methods. Below is a summary of developments highlighted in clinical research and industry updates.
Novel Oral Therapies
1. Icotrokinra (JNJ-2113)
Developed by Johnson & Johnson and Protagonist Therapeutics, icotrokinra is an oral IL-23 receptor antagonist. In Phase 3 topline results, 64.7% of patients achieved clear or almost clear skin (IGA 0/1) at week 16 compared with 8.3% on placebo. The program reported a favorable safety profile in topline reporting. Read more
2. Zasocitinib
TYK2 inhibitors have been an active area of research for plaque psoriasis. Some trial reporting suggests meaningful skin clearance for a portion of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis patients within short timeframes, with ongoing evaluation of safety and durability. Read more
3. Icotrokinra vs. Sotyktu
Comparative trial reporting and coverage has suggested strong performance for icotrokinra in head-to-head comparisons versus deucravacitinib (Sotyktu), with continued evaluation as more data becomes available. Read more
Biologic Advancements
1. Xeligekimab (Jinlixi)
IL-17A monoclonal antibodies continue to expand globally as options for moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in some regions. Read more
2. Bimekizumab (Bimzelx)
Bimekizumab targets IL-17A and IL-17F. It received U.S. FDA approval in October 2023 for adults with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis who are candidates for systemic therapy or phototherapy. Read more
Innovative Delivery Methods
Nanofiber Patch
Research groups have explored patch-based and advanced topical delivery approaches to improve ease of use and skin penetration for psoriasis therapies. Read more
Emerging Therapies
1. Piclidenoson
Small-molecule oral drugs designed to influence inflammatory signaling have been studied as alternatives to injection-based treatments, with ongoing research. Read more
2. Gene Therapy
Gene-editing concepts (including CRISPR-related approaches) have been discussed in research contexts for inflammatory conditions, though psoriasis applications remain an evolving area. Read more
Lifestyle and Diet Insights
Ultra-Processed Foods and Psoriasis Risk
Some population studies have explored links between dietary patterns and psoriasis risk, including associations with high intake of ultra-processed foods. Read more
These developments offer additional options and ongoing research for people managing psoriasis. A dermatologist can help match treatment choices to the type of psoriasis, severity, affected areas, and your overall health.
Sources
American Academy of Dermatology Association. Psoriasis: Overview. https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/psoriasis/what/overview
American Academy of Dermatology Association. Psoriasis: Signs and symptoms. https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/psoriasis/what/symptoms
Mayo Clinic. Psoriasis: Symptoms and causes. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/psoriasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355840
National Psoriasis Foundation. About psoriasis. https://www.psoriasis.org/about-psoriasis/
National Psoriasis Foundation. Locations and types of psoriasis. https://www.psoriasis.org/locations-and-types/
National Psoriasis Foundation. FDA approves Bimzelx (bimekizumab) for plaque psoriasis. https://www.psoriasis.org/advance/fda-approves-bimzelx/
Johnson & Johnson. Icotrokinra Phase 3 topline results press release. https://www.jnj.com/media-center/press-releases/icotrokinra-delivered-an-industry-leading-combination-of-significant-skin-clearance-with-demonstrated-tolerability-in-a-once-daily-pill-in-phase-3-topline-results
Natural Medicines. Oregon grape. https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com. (Accessed Feb 13, 2021).
Kermott CA, et al., eds. Psoriasis. In: Mayo Clinic Book of Home Remedies. 2nd ed. Time; 2017.
Bolognia JL, et al., eds. Ultraviolet therapy. In: Dermatology. 4th ed. Saunders Elsevier; 2018. https://www.clinicalkey.com. (Accessed Feb 13, 2021).
Bolognia JL, et al., eds. Systemic immunomodulators. In: Dermatology. 4th ed. Saunders Elsevier; 2018. https://www.clinicalkey.com. (Accessed Feb 13, 2021).